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The Phonology of Tone and Intonation

Details

  • Page extent: 380 pages
  • Size: 228 x 152 mm
  • Weight: 0.734 kg

Library of Congress

  • Dewey number: 414/.6
  • Dewey version: 22
  • LC Classification: P223 .G87 2004
  • LC Subject headings:
    • Tone (Phonetics)
    • Intonation (Phonetics)
    • Grammar, Comparative and general--Phonology

Library of Congress Record

Hardback

 (ISBN-13: 9780521812658 | ISBN-10: 0521812658)

The Phonology of Tone and Intonation
Cambridge University Press
0521812658 - The Phonology of Tone and Intonation - by Carlos Gussenhoven
Table of Contents



Contents




List of figures page xi
Map xiv
List of tables xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xx
List of abbreviations xxii
List of symbols xxiv
 
  1 Pitch in Humans and Machines 1
  1.1  Introduction 1
  1.2  Frequency of vocal fold vibration, fundamental frequency (F0), and pitch 1
  1.3  Pitch tracks 3
  1.4  Interpreting pitch tracks 5
  1.5  Experimentation 10
  1.6  Conclusion 11
 
  2 Pitch in Language I: Stress and Intonation 12
  2.1  Introduction 12
  2.2  Stress 12
  2.3  Intonation 22
 
  3 Pitch in Language II: Tone 26
  3.1  Introduction 26
  3.2  Tone languages 26
  3.3  Autosegmental representations of tone 28
  3.4  Other sequential restrictions 36
  3.5  Accent 36
  3.6   Tonogenesis 42
  3.7   Conclusion 47
 
  4 Intonation and Language 49
  4.1   Introduction 49
  4.2   Intonation and the design features of language 50
  4.3   A half-tamed savage 57
  4.4   Experimental approaches towards establishing discreteness in intonation 62
  4.5   Conclusion 69
 
  5 Paralinguistics: Three Biological Codes 71
  5.1   Introduction 71
  5.2   Variation beyond the speaker’s control 72
  5.3   Motivations for control in speech production 72
  5.4   Pitch register and pitch span 76
  5.5   Biological codes in pitch variation 79
  5.6   The Frequency Code 80
  5.7   The Effort Code 85
  5.8   The Production Code 89
  5.9   Substitute phonetic features 90
  5.10  Language-specific universal meaning? 92
  5.11  Conclusion 93
 
  6 Downtrends 97
  6.1   Introduction 97
  6.2   Declination 98
  6.3   Downstep 100
  6.4   Final lowering 110
  6.5   Initial high pitch: reset 113
  6.6   Three phonetic issues 116
  6.7   Conclusion 121
 
  7 Tonal Structures 123
  7.1   Introduction 123
  7.2   Historical background 125
  7.3   Developments since 1986 133
  7.4   Rhythmic adjustments of pitch-accent distribution 141
  7.5   Conclusion 142
 
  8 Intonation in Optimality Theory 143
  8.1   Introduction 143
  8.2   Gen, Eval, and Con 144
  8.3   OT and the tonal representation 145
  8.4   Positional effects 157
  8.5   OT and prosodic phrasing 159
  8.6   Conclusion 167
 
  9 Northern Bizkaian Basque 170
  9.1   Introduction 170
  9.2   Lexical representations 171
  9.3   The Accentual Phrase 172
  9.4   Unaccented α without default H∗L 175
  9.5   The Intermediate Phrase 176
  9.6   The construction of ip 179
  9.7   Basque focus 180
  9.8   Conclusion 183
 
10 Tokyo Japanese 185
  10.1   Introduction 185
  10.2   Lexical accent 186
  10.3   The α 186
  10.4   The tonal structure of Utterances with one α 187
  10.5   Phonetic implementation of a one-α Utterance 189
  10.6   An OT analysis of the tonal structure 192
  10.7   More than one α: secondary association and interpolation 197
  10.8   The Intermediate Phrase 199
  10.9   The Utterance: Lυ and Hυ 201
  10.10  Japanese focus 204
  10.11  Conclusion 206
 
11 Scandinavian 209
  11.1   Introduction 209
  11.2   Stockholm Swedish 210
  11.3   An OT analysis of Swedish tone 216
  11.4   East Norwegian 217
  11.5   An argument for pre-linking 222
  11.6   Danish 223
  11.7   Conclusion 226
 
12 The Central Franconian Tone 228
  12.1   Introduction 228
  12.2   Tonogenesis 230
  12.3   The first stage 232
  12.4   Improving the interrogative contrast 235
  12.5   Improving the contrast in ι-final declaratives 241
  12.6   Outside the focus 243
  12.7  Other reinterpretations 244
  12.8  Conclusion 249
 
13 French 253
  13.1  Introduction 253
  13.2  Prosodic phrasing 254
  13.3  The tonal analysis 266
 
14 English I: Phrasing and Accent Distribution 274
  14.1  Introduction 274
  14.2  The distribution of pitch accents 275
  14.3  Postlexical rhythm: Φ-structure 278
  14.4  Intonational phrases 287
  14.5  Between the Φ and the ι 292
  14.6  Conclusion 294
 
15 English II: Tonal Structure 296
  15.1  Introduction 296
  15.2  Nuclear contours 296
  15.3  Pre-nuclear pitch accents 302
  15.4  Onsets 304
  15.5  Expanding the tonal grammar 305
  15.6  The vocative chant 313
  15.7  Tone Copy 315
  15.8  Some comparisons with Pierrehumbert and Beckman’s analysis 316
  15.9  Conclusion 319
 
References 321
Index 345



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