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Language Contact
Most societies in today's world are multilingual. ‘Language contact’ occurs when speakers of different languages interact and their languages influence each other. This book is an introduction to the subject, covering individual and societal multilingualism, the acquisition of two or more languages from birth, second-language acquisition in adulthood, language change, linguistic typology, language processing, and the structure of the language faculty. It explains the effects of multilingualism on society and language policy, as well as the consequences that long-term bilingualism within communities can have for the structure of languages. Drawing on the author's own first-hand observations of child and adult bilingualism, the book provides a clear analysis of such phenomena as language convergence, grammatical borrowing, and mixed languages.
YARON MATRAS is Professor of Linguistics in the School of Languages, Linguistics and Cultures at the University of Manchester. His recent publications include Romani: A Linguistic Introduction (Cambridge, 2002) and Markedness and Language Change (with Viktor Elšík, 2006).
CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS
Language Contact: In this series:
R. A. Hudson Sociolinguistics Second edition
A. J. Elliot Child Language
P. H. Matthews Syntax
A. Radford Transformational Syntax
L. Bauer English Word-Formation
S. C. Levinson Pragmatics
G. Brown and G. Yule Discourse Analysis
R. Huddleston Introduction to the Grammar of English
R. Lass Phonology
B. Comrie Tense
W. Klein Second Language Acquisition
A. J. Woods, P. Fletcher and A. Hughes Statistics in Language Studies
D. A. Cruse Lexical Semantics
A. Radford Transformational Grammar
M. Garman Psycholinguistics
G. G. Corbett Gender
H. J. Giegerich English Phonology
R. Cann Formal Semantics
J. Laver Principles of Phonetics
F. R. Palmer Grammatical Roles and Relations
M. A. Jones Foundations of French Syntax
A. Radford Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English: A Minimalist Approach
R. D. Van Valin, Jr, and R. J. Lapolla Syntax: Structure, Meaning and Function
A. Duranti Linguistic Anthropology
A. Cruttenden Intonation Second edition
J. K. Chambers and P. Trudgill Dialectology Second edition
C. Lyons Definiteness
R. Kager Optimality Theory
J. A. Holm An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles
G. G. Corbett Number
C. J. Ewen and H. Van Der Hulst The Phonological Structure of Words
F. R. Palmer Mood and Modality Second edition
B. J. Blake Case Second edition
E. Gussman Phonology: Analysis and Theory
M. Yip Tone
W. Croft Typology and Universals Second edition
F. Coulmas Writing Systems: An Introduction to their Linguistic Analysis
P. J. Hopper and E. C. Traugott Grammaticalization Second edition
L. White Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar
I. Plag Word-Formation in English
W. Croft and A. Cruse Cognitive Linguistics
A. Siewierska Person
A. Radford Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the Structure of English
D. BüRing Binding Theory
M. Butt Theories of Case
N. Hornstein, J. Nuñes and K. Grohmann Understanding Minimalism
B. C. Lust Child Language: Acquisition and Growth
G. G. Corbett Agreement
J. C. L. Ingram Neurolinguistics: An Introduction to Spoken Language Processing and its Disorders
J. Clackson Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
M. Ariel Pragmatics and Grammar
R. Cann, R. Kempson and E. Gregoromichelaki Semantics: An Introduction to Meaning in Language
Y. Matras Language Contact
Language Contact
Yaron Matras
University of Manchester
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521532211
© Cambridge University Press 2009
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2009
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataMatras, Yaron, 1963–Language contact / Yaron Matras.p. cm. – (Cambridge textbooks in linguistics)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-82535-1 (hardback) – ISBN 978-0-521-53221-1 (pbk.)1. Multilingualism. 2. Second language acquisition. I. Title. II. Series.P115.M38 2009306.44′6 – dc22 2009015836
ISBN 978-0-521-82535-1 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-53221-1 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents
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List of figures
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x |
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Preface
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xiii |
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List of abbreviations
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xvi |
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1 Introduction
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1 |
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1.1 The study of language contact
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1 |
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1.2 Toward an integrated, functional approach to language contact
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2 |
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1.3 The structure of this book
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6 |
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2 An emerging multilingual repertoire
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9 |
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2.1 A case study
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9 |
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2.2 Lexical development
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10 |
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2.3 Controlling the selection mechanism
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17 |
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2.4 Combining repertoire components
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23 |
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2.5 Conscious exploitation of the full linguistic repertoire
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34 |
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2.6 Implications for the study of language contact
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38 |
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3 Societal multilingualism
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41 |
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3.1 Linguistic repertoires and social activities: a micro-level approach
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41 |
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3.2 Language–domain mapping at the macro-level
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44 |
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3.2.1 Role attributes of languages in multilingual societies
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45 |
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3.2.2 Types of domain specialisation
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47 |
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3.2.3 Domain stability and language maintenance
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50 |
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3.3 Language management in multilingual settings
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53 |
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3.4 Repertoire, activity domains, and language change
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57 |
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4 Acquiring and maintaining a bilingual repertoire
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61 |
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4.1 Bilingual first-language acquisition
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61 |
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4.1.1 Definitions and methodological problems
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61 |
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4.1.2 The separation of languages
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63 |
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4.1.3 Linguistic socialisation and pragmatic competence
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66 |
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4.1.4 Language systems vs. language repertoires
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68 |
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4.2 Second-language acquisition
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68 |
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4.2.1 Facilitating factors
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69 |
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4.2.2 Transfer and interference
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72 |
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4.2.3 Interlanguage and fossilisation
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74 |
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4.2.4 Communicative creativity in L2 discourse
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79 |
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4.2.5 Language learners and linguistic repertoires
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85 |
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4.3 Bilingualism and language processing
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86 |
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4.3.1 Language separation in the brain
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87 |
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4.3.2 Models of bilingual language processing
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89 |
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4.3.3 Bilingual speech errors
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91 |
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4.4 Conclusion
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99 |
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5 Crossing the boundaries: codeswitching in conversation
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101 |
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5.1 Defining codeswitching
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101 |
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5.1.1 Language mixing in the bilingual mode
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101 |
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5.1.2 Single-word insertions and their integration
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106 |
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5.1.3 The codeswitching–borrowing continuum
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110 |
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5.2 Situational and conversational codeswitching
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114 |
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5.2.1 Code selection: social norms and identity
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114 |
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5.2.2 Discourse functions of codeswitching
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116 |
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5.3 Structural aspects of codeswitching
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129 |
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5.4 Codeswitching and utterance modifiers
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136 |
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6 The replication of linguistic ‘matter’
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146 |
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6.1 Defining ‘borrowings’
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146 |
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6.2 Generalisations on borrowing
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149 |
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6.2.1 Motivations for borrowing
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149 |
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6.2.2 Borrowing hierarchies
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153 |
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7 Lexical borrowing
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166 |
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7.1 Content words and the position of nouns
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166 |
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7.2 The structural integration of nouns
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172 |
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7.3 The borrowing of verbs
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175 |
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7.4 Adjectives and lexical adverbs
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187 |
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8 Grammatical and phonological borrowing
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193 |
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8.1 Grammatical function words
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193 |
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8.1.1 Discourse markers and connectors
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193 |
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8.1.2 Phasal adverbs and focus particles
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197 |
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8.1.3 Indefinites and interrogatives
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198 |
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8.1.4 Expressions of temporal and local relations
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199 |
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8.1.5 Numerals
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201 |
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8.1.6 Place deixis, demonstratives, and personal pronouns
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203 |
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8.1.7 Negators, possessors, and existentials
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208 |
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8.2 Morphological borrowing
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209 |
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8.2.1 Derivational morphology
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209 |
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8.2.2 Inflectional morphology
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212 |
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8.2.3 Articles and classifiers
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216 |
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8.3 Constraints on matter replication
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218 |
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8.4 Mechanisms of contact-induced change in phonology
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221 |
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8.4.1 General considerations
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221 |
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8.4.2 The phonological integration of word-forms
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226 |
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8.4.3 Convergence of phonological systems
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229 |
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8.4.4 Contact-susceptibility within phonology
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231 |
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9 Converging structures: pattern replication
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234 |
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9.1 Defining pattern replication
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234 |
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9.1.1 Distinguishing matter and pattern replication
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234 |
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9.1.2 Convergence and grammaticalisation
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238 |
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9.1.3 Pattern replication and creative pivot-matching
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240 |
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9.2 The distribution of pattern replication
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243 |
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9.2.1 Lexical semantics
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245 |
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9.2.2 Clause-level typology
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248 |
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9.2.3 Phrase-level typology
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252 |
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9.2.4 Morphology and morphological paradigms
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258 |
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9.3 Linguistic areas
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265 |
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9.3.1 Methodological issues
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265 |
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9.3.2 Profiles of linguistic areas
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268 |
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9.3.3 An outlook on language convergence
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271 |
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10 Contact languages
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275 |
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10.1 The birth of a language
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275 |
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10.2 Pidgins and creoles
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277 |
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10.2.1 Definitions and key features
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277 |
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10.2.2 Emergence scenarios
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283 |
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10.3 Mixed languages
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288 |
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10.3.1 Definitions and explanatory accounts
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288 |
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10.3.2 Structural profiles and the functionality cline
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291 |
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10.4 The position of contact languages
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306 |
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11 Outlook
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308 |
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11.1 The multilingual speaker's repertoire
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308 |
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11.2 Multilingual speakers as agents of language change
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310 |
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11.3 Contact and the layered architecture of the language faculty
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312 |
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Notes
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316 |
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References
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323 |
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Author index
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350 |
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Language index
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355 |
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Subject index
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362 |
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